When historians and economists look back at our era (starting around the time of the “Great Recession” in 2007) they’ll be hard-pressed to understand why so much of the policy debates centered around an issue of relatively minor importance that has existed since the beginning of humanity: e equality.

The standard that really matters—and yet is relatively ignored—is consumption. In economics, consumption is the use of goods and services by households. Ensuring people have an e sufficient to meet their own consumption needs is the ultimate goal. And as a paper by Scott Winship explains, e inequality doesn’t appear to affect consumption standards.

Winship’s paper examines the relationship between e inequality and living standards among the middle class and the poor worldwide. Some of the key findings are:

1. Across the developed world, countries with more inequality tend to have, if anything, higher living standards. The exception is that countries with higher e concentration tend to have poorer e populations.

2. However, when changes in e concentration and living standards are considered across countries—a more rigorous approach to assessing causality—larger increases in inequality correspond with sharper rises in living standards for the middle class and the poor alike.

3. In developed nations, greater inequality tends to pany stronger economic growth. This stronger growth may explain how it is that when the top gets a bigger share of the economic pie, the amount of pie received by the middle class and the poor is nevertheless greater than it otherwise would have been. Greater inequality can increase the size of the pie.

4. Below the top 1 percent of households—and prior to government redistribution—developed nations display levels of inequality squarely in the middle ranks of nations globally. American e inequality below the top 1 percent is of the same magnitude as that of our rich-country peers in continental Europe and the Anglosphere.

5. In the English-speaking world, e concentration at the top is higher than in most of continental Europe; in the U.S., e concentration is higher than in the rest of the Anglosphere.

6. Yet—with the exception of small countries that are oil-rich, international financial centers, or vacation destinations for the affluent—America’s middle class enjoys living standards as high as, or higher than, any other nation.

7. America’s poor have higher living standards than their counterparts across much of Europe and the Anglosphere, while faring worse than poor residents of Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Low Countries, and Canada.

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