Home
/
RELIGION & LIBERTY
/
Adam Smith
Adam Smith
Jul 4, 2025 2:45 AM

Adam Smith is the most well-known expositor of capitalism of all time. He was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, a small coastal town near Edinburgh. Smith was educated at Glasgow University and Ballioll College in Oxford, England. Later he lectured at Edinburgh and became a professor at Glasgow University. After a time, Smith went to France to tutor the Duke of Buccleugh and met Quesmay, Turgot, and Voltaire. While in France, Smith began to write The Wealth of Nations and continued writing it upon his return to Scotland. This influential work was published in 1776. In 1778 he followed in the footsteps of his father as a customs official. He died in Edinburgh.

Much emphasis is placed upon Smith's contribution to the economic field. Underappreciated is his view of religion and morality. In the Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith discussed the role of sympathy in connecting self-interest with virtue. If the free market is allowed to function and people are afluent, they will have time to worry about the plight of the indigent. In a primitive society, people primarily focus upon survival. Also, Smith argued that the market promoted virtues such as responsibility, honesty, frugality, ability, and self-control. In the quest for acquisition of wealth and power, these virtues are needed to succeed. In times past, there was no such channeling mechanism or incentive of the market to harness virtue. The rich and powerful depended upon deception and privilege in the mercial era, Smith wrote.

Besides the market, other institutions such as the church and society would bolster virtue. Smith asserted that religion is an expression of the need for justice and benevolence in the material world and “enforces the natural sense of duty.” However, Smith wrote that church establishment, that is, the funding of religion through taxation, would remove the incentive for proselytization. In society, Smith argued, association with like-minded people would foster like effects. If one chose to affiliate with good people, good results would tend to occur.

Sources: Adam Smith In His Time and Ours by Jerry Z. Muller (Princeton University Press, 1993); and Adam Smith: The Man and His Works by E. G. West (Liberty Press, 1976).

Hero of Liberty image attribution:See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons PD-1923

Comments
Welcome to mreligion comments! Please keep conversations courteous and on-topic. To fosterproductive and respectful conversations, you may see comments from our Community Managers.
Sign up to post
Sort by
Show More Comments
RELIGION & LIBERTY
Methods Out of Madness
In his famous poem “The Second Coming,” W.B. Yeats warns about what happens when a society, or in our case a church, descends into anarchy and lawlessness: Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate...
The Cult of Celebrity in the Church of Christ
In a profile for The Guardian from 2012, Kim Kardashian was perplexed. “When I hear people say [what are you famous for], I want to say, ‘what are you talking about?’… I have a hit TV show. We’ve shot more episodes than I Love Lucy!” In the wake of multiple scandals that have rocked the evangelical world, from Mars Hill to Hillsong, the role of the celebrity pastor e in for intense scrutiny. Why be faithful when you can...
Antigone: A Hero for Our Time
Sophocles’ Antigone is a Rorschach test. People see in it whatever they are thinking. To the self-professed and much munist philosopher Slavoj Žižek, Antigone is a “bitch,” though she may also be an admirable figure in her zealous and determined striving against her government. Or perhaps, Žižek suggests alternately, she is a troublemaker creating havoc within an otherwise healthy, well-organized state. In recent versions of the play that he has published with differing endings, Žižek has put forward both...
The Existential Threat of Anti-Christian Nationalism
In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic—well beyond the initial two weeks to flatten the curve, but in August of 2020—the New York Times reported, in an article entitled “Your Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn’t Be,” on scientists’ worries about the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The means by which public health workers and government officials (not to mention journalists) were assessing the spread of the virus was, some feared, too sensitive. People were testing positive...
In the Liberal Tradition: Francisco de Vitoria
Francisco de Vitoria probably isn’t a name that rolls off the lips or even vaguely registers in the minds of most, but he is worth knowing. This highly influential 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest is known as no less than the “father of international law.” What does a late Renaissance Catholic priest have to do with the “liberal tradition”? When you’re also the founder of the “School of Salamanca,” more than you think. Born in Burgos, Spain, in 1483, Vitoria...
The Black Church: A World Within a World
What we mean when we use the word “Black” (and whether or not we capitalize it) causes constant confusion in American life. We are liable to contrast Black with white, and to treat the two terms as though they belong to the same category: race. But this is a mistake. As a matter of historical fact, Black Americans formed separate cultural institutions because they were excluded from white institutions or forced to be subordinate within them on account of...
Reason and Revelation in the Singularity
Harris Bor’s Staying Human: A Jewish Theology for the Age of Artificial Intelligence is an ambitious book. Its message can be put simply: Jewish religious tradition has the resources to respond to a world in which technology controls human beings. Bor is responding to the promise and threat of a future in which artificial intelligence renders human choice and individuality obsolete, a future Bor refers to as “the singularity,” following techno-futurist Ray Kurzweil. Bor is convinced that the singularity...
The Flawed Greatness of Thomas Jefferson
It is always hard to know where to begin with Thomas Jefferson—or where to end. In that respect, he is not that different from a great many other talented political figures in our history. The politician’s art all but requires a talent for enigma, an ability to draw in disparate followers and factions while remaining mysterious, un-pin-down-able, containing worlds of seeming contradiction within both public image and private life. Think of the tangled plexity of men like Woodrow Wilson,...
The Evolving Religion of Journalism
With the 2016 presidential election looming, the New York Times published a journalism manifesto that was disguised as a mere mentary. If coverage by “mainstream” media of religion, values, culture, and education seem hostile to the beliefs of many Americans, there’s a reason for that. There’s been a paradigm shift in how journalism is done, and for whom. The candidate’s name was in the headline, but the implications of the August 7, 2016, essay “Trump Is Testing the Norms...
Plato’s "Republic" and Our Own
The expectations of justice reside deeply within us. Figures in both the Hebraic and Hellenic worlds placed the demand for a just society at the center of their work. Those demands have echoed through the ages and into our streets. At the earliest of ages plain about things we deem unfair and dog our parents over broken promises. Of all the virtues, justice seems most ingrained. And yet it is the one most likely to create havoc and wreak...
Related Classification
Copyright 2023-2025 - www.mreligion.com All Rights Reserved