While working on a recording together, Johnny Cash is reported to have asked Bob Dylan if he knew “Ring of Fire.” Dylan said he did and began to play it on the piano, croaking it out in typical Dylanesque fashion. When he was done he turned to his friend and said, “It goes something like that, right?” “No,” said Cash shaking his head. “It doesn’t go like that at all.”

I can understand how Cash felt; I often get the same feeling when people talk about conservatism. For example, a friend of mine once wrote that, “Conservatism is what it is and it’s not subject to interpretation. It’s not a ‘living’ concept subject to the vagaries of public opinion. It’s small government, low taxes, and muscular foreign policy in its simplest form.” Although a vanishingly small number conservatives in America would nod in agreement to that tune, all I can think is that while some of the words are right, “It doesn’t go like that at all.”

I often feel the same about other claims to the conservative label. No one seems to be able to agree on what the term conservatism means anymore, so we’re forced to keep adding modifiers—neo, paleo, postmodern, nationalist—to clarify what we intend. That being the unfortunate case, let me add one more for consideration: Waughian conservatism.

William F. Buckley, Jr. consideredEvelyn Waughto be “the greatest English novelist of the century.” His novels are certainly are worth reading (A Handful of Dustis a personal favorite) but it was a travel memoir that provides some of his most intriguing and overlooked thought. In his book, Mexico: An Object Lesson, Waugh presents what could be considered a succinct manifesto of his British, Catholic-influenced conservatism—a type that will likely appeal to conservatives who are aligned with the vision and mission of the Acton Institute. (I’ve taken the liberty of breaking up the text into paragraphs to make it easier to read):

Let me, then, warn the reader that I was a Conservative when I went to Mexico and that everything I saw there strengthened my opinions.I believe that man is, by nature, an exile and will never be self-sufficient plete on this earth; That his chances of happiness and virtue, here, remain more or less constant through the centuries and, generally speaking, are not much affected by the political and economic conditions in which he lives; That the balance of good and ill tends to revert to a norm; That sudden changes of physical condition are usually ill, and are advocated by the wrong people for the wrong reasons; That the munists of today have personal, irrelevant grounds for their antagonism to society, which they are trying to exploit.

I believe in government; That men cannot live together without rules but that they should be kept at the bare minimum of safety; That there is no form of government ordained from God as being better than any other; That the anarchic elements in society are so strong that it is a whole-time task to keep the peace.

I believe that the inequalities of wealth and position are inevitable and that it is therefore meaningless to discuss the advantages of elimination; That men naturally arrange themselves in a system of classes; That such a system is necessary for any form of co-operation work, more particularly the work of keeping a nation together.

I believe in nationality; not in terms of race or of missions for world conquest, but simply thus: mankind inevitably organizes itself munities according to its geographical distribution; munities by sharing mon history mon characteristics and inspire local loyalty; The individual family develops most happily and fully when it accepts these natural limits.

A conservative is not merely an obstructionist, a brake on frivolous experiment. He has positive work to do.

Civilization has no force of its own beyond what it is given from within. It is under constant assault and it takes most of the energies of civilized man to keep going at all.

Barbarism is never finally defeated; given propitious circumstances, men and women who seem quite orderly, mit every conceivable atrocity.

Unremitting effort is needed to keep men living together at peace

What can we Americans learn from this indirect manifesto? What should we plunder from this 20th century document to use in our own understanding of what it means to be a conservative in the 21st century?